Growth of LGBT Images in Popular Culture

Growth of LGBT Images in Popular Culture Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of images of LGBT people in popular culture. Discuss this growth in visibility with reference to queer theory. In recent years we have witnessed a proliferation of images of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people (LGBT) in popular culture. An indication of why this has occurred can be found in the historical context from which modern homo-viability arose. Furthermore I will look at how this increased homo-visibility has challenged heteronormativity thus producing social changes through collective social action and innovation, furthermore I will look at examples of LGBT images in television and film and gay representation. After mapping changes I consider the positive and negative implications associated with the increase in images of LGBT people in popular culture and the effects of modern homo-visual representations with reference to Queer Theory. After mapping changes I consider whether Queer Theory offers an adequate account of changes or whether [other theories] give a more comprehensive analysis of why these developments occurred and whether they explain the positive and negative implications of the increase of visibility. Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships vary over time and place; according to constructionists the meanings of sexual acts are historically, culturally and contextually specific. This is demonstrated when observing historical social changes in sexual orientation. Constructionists hold that sexual orientation is fluid and dynamic, and that sexuality is constructed by social factors and influenced by social changes. In some ancient societies sexual orientation was not subjected to the binary constraints that are used to define categorize and segregate those of difference in more recent times, therefore sexuality was ambiguous. Historically we have witnessed the regulation of sexual orientation through formal societal controls enforced through law and judicial mechanisms, demonstrated historically by the sodomy laws prohibited homosexuality and made a capital offence in Britain in 1810. Even today homosexuality is illegal and punishable by death in some countries. This essay will look primarily at western societies and the historical context in which recognition of LGBT has become apparent. In modern western cultures, gay and lesbian people have been subjected to frequent prejudice and discrimination. This oppression often caused LGBT people to repress their true identities and sexual preference. 1973 was an important year for the LGBT community as the American Psychiatric Association removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders their definition of homosexuality. As a result homosexuality was no longer classed as a clinical mental disorder as something abnormal that needed medical treatment. Homosexual acts were decriminalized in the Western world by the 1970s but it was not until the mid-1970s that the LGBT community became visible because of active protest to gain social recognition, which was vital for the minority to fight for their civil rights. The Stonewall Riots in 1969 contributed to the increase in LGBT visibility. The Stonewall Riots were a series of violent conflicts between the LGBT community and New York City police officers. These riots lasted several days and were centered at the Stonewall Inn New York. These riots were widely recognized at the catalyst for the modern-day movement towards LGBT rights never before have the LGBT community acted collectively to forcibly resist police harassment. The activist movements of the 1960s and 70s inspired events such as pride parades and dyke marches, it also caused large numbers of gay men and lesbians to protest against repression, police entrapment, and other forms of discrimination. Howvever this was transformed by the AIDS epidemic that struck the gay community so devastatingly in the 1980s. The AIDS epidemic affected both heterosexuals and homosexuals; however it was largely portrayed in media representations and pubic spheres as a homosexual disease and attempts were made by homophobes to restrict media representations of homosexuality, the only representations of the LGBT community were negative and reinforced this negative stigma. Due to the homophobic past LGBT individuals were particularly vulnerable to the AIDS virus. Due to inadequate education LGBT individuals were not as aware of the precautions needed for safe sex in same-sex relations, and due to homo-invisibility only heterosexual safe-sex advice and education was available in schools. However, this horrific epidemic did provide the LGBT community with a public voice, increasing public visibility. Through collective action they struggled against this discrimination and organized campaigns to promote efforts in AIDS education, prevention, research, patient support, and community outreach. One important influential figure in AIDS activism through art is American pioneer Gran Fury. He formed a gay activist group called ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) This group aimed to inform a broad public and provoke direct action to end the AIDS crisis. His works include, the street-spanning banner announcing that All people with AIDS are innocent, The collectives image of three interracial homosexual and heterosexual couples kissing above the caption Kissing Doesnt Kill: Greed and Indifference Do In addition to the work of Gran Fury, caused several other significant public projects to arise in response to the AIDS crisis including SILENCE=DEATH Project and the Red Ribbon Project. This collective effort transformed the AIDS epidemic from a syndrome that many were reluctant to speak about to a subject that could be raised sympathetically in popular news magazines and on television programs. Old stereotypes were seen to be inappropriate and, while much coverage of the epidemic was homophobic, some ignorance was dispelled and as a result, AIDS awareness has now spread into the mainstream, creating its own sphere of community-based organizations, charitable institutions, and even magazines for those who are HIV-positive. During the 1980s and 1990s the LGBT community gained some legal protection and public recognition thorough collective action and protest. Laws decriminalizing homosexual behavior and prohibiting discrimination in employment, housing, and services were introduced. These were all positive achievements essential for the LGBT battle for equality and social acceptance; however, due to the increase in public visibility the LGBT community were affected by increased homophobia; LGBT individuals were victims of servere discrimination and hate crimes. Coming out still involved courage, indicating that negative implications of increased visibility persisted. Historically LGBT have had to face many struggles in order to become visible but due to collective action of the LGBT community, however their struggles have had both positive and negative consequences, today the gay community are visible in public, political domains, this increased visibility has allowed the gay community to express their gay culture through gay prides, rainbow flags, LGBT events and gaining increased visibility in many areas of visual popular culture including, magazines film, music and television The prevalence of LGBT representations in cinematic art and media representations prevailing in western culture has had positive contributions in challenging the dominance of heteronormativity through the increasing awareness of LGBT community. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals have been have been slowly gaining recognition by through collective action they have challenged and helped reconfigure notions of what had been compulsive normative homosexual representations. This challenge has changed peoples perception of categories of difference (masculinity and femininity) and (homosexuality and heterosexuality). However not all gay representations are a positive, some media representation of LGBT individuals are distorted stereotypes. Typical media representations portrayals of gay men are sometimes negative, gay men are portrayed as ill from aids as demonstrated by the media representations of Freddy Mercury Effeminate These forms of stereotypes can cause negative implications for young gay men because they could see these representations as an ideal type. Lesbians are often portrayed in the media as butch man haters, or over feminized â€Å"lip-stick lesbians† these representations similarly to gay men are stereotypes and does typically not apply to all lesbians. Controversially lesbian visual representations are usually a fictional account distorted through a heteronormative lens of heterosexual males and capitalists self interest this is demonstrated in the picture below The power and dominance of heteronormative ideals has caused many past gay and lesbian film actors to feel the need to conceal their true sexual identity. Some feel they need to conform to heteronormative ideals in order to fulfil the fantasies of the heterosexual mainstream audience. Many gay actors wish to remain closeted, for example Rock Hudson Hudson said he would rather die before fans discovered he was gay he even misled magazines by posing with glamorous female stars. In 1985 that Hudson had AIDS, and a brief lover publicly outed him to the media. For most film stars open homosexuality, or even rumours of homosexuality, could end their careers. Therefore, it is not surprising that some gay and lesbian actors disguise their sexuality. However contemporary modern western societies we are slowly seeing changes in societal altitude, due to the fragmented nature of modern societal structure people no longer share common norms and values, this is due to the break down of social solidarity, this has caused people to fight the restrictive nature of heteronormativity. The British actor Rupert Everett came out publicly in 1989. Rather than ruining his career his openness of his sexual identity seems only to have made him more interesting to audiences. After his success in My Best Friends Wedding (1997), in which, however, he played a gay character, he landed a very big role as the voice of the heterosexual character prince charming in the famous film series of Shrek. Challenging this normative heterosexuality by broadening the range of identities and desires represented through the visual media has been a central concern in works created by independent lesbian/gay/ bisexual/transgender television and film makers, these films aim to centre and normalize homosexual identity. Many people see the success of Queer as Folk as evidence that TV shows can still be enormously popular and profitable due to the growing demand in the market for an un-distorted true representation of LGBT individuals lives. I have mapped out the historical context which has explained some of the social changes that have occurred that could have contributed to the proliferation of images of (LGBT) people in popular culture. I will now look at the views of Queer Theorists and their position and influence on the increase of LGBT images in popular culture. Queer theory was developed a response to the AIDS crisis in the 1980s, which promoted a renewal of radical activism. This theory contested against the increased homophobia brought about by public responses to AIDS. Queer theory became occupied in part with what effects put into circulation around the AIDS epidemic necessitated and nurtured new forms of political organization, education and theorizing in queer. Queer theory developed out of unexamined constraints in the traditional identity politics of recognition and self-identity. Queer identity, unlike the other categories labeled lesbian or gay, has no interest in consolidating or stabilizing itself. It maintains its critique of identity-focus by understanding the formation of its own coalition; this may result in exclusionary effects in excess of those intended. Queer theory challenges heteronormativity by providing recognition to a wide array of non-normative sexualities and sexual practices therefore not only applying to lesbian and gay men, but transsexual, bisexual, intersexual individuals. Queer theorists aim to challenge the cultural notions of straight ideology by the deconstruction the constraints of gender and sexual categorization, through challenging heteronormative ideals they wish to de-stigmatize those affected by segregation and repression. Queer theorists hold that sexuality is fluid and therefore should not be restrained by categorization. The fragmentation characteristic of modern societies that has occurred has caused a decline in social solidarity therefore people do not share the same cultural norms, beliefs, or sexual orientation many people in modern societies have multiple identities therefore cannot be homogenized for the purpose of categorization. They focus on the individual subjective nature of gender and sexual identity and respect the meanings of these identities are only valid in that particular space and time. This perspective contrasts the essentialists theory, essentialists hold that gender and sexuality is an essential part of an individuals biology which is determined at birth this notion is rejected by queer theorists. Hollywood film productions pursues the straight theme as being the dominant theme to outline what masculine is. This is particularly noticeable in gangster films, action films and westerns, which never have weak (read: homosexual) men playing the heroes, with the recent exception of the film Brokeback Mountain. Queer theory looks at destabilizing and shifting the boundaries of these cultural constructions. Queer theory was originally associated with radical gay politics of ACT UP, Outrage! and other groups which embraced queer as an identity label that pointed to a separatist, non-assimilationist politics.[5] Queer theory developed out of unexamined constraints in the traditional identity politics of recognition and self-identity. Queer identity, unlike the other categories labeled lesbian or gay, has no interest in consolidating or stabilizing itself. It maintains its critique of identity-focus by understanding the formation of its own coalition; this may result in exclusionary effects in excess of those intended. Foucault theories contributed to the formulation of queer theory in his publication The History of Sexuality, he follows the social fluidity of gender and sexual orientation and the categorization of those of difference. He demonstrates how labels are created through different discourses and power relations therefore meanings reflect the social attitudes of that particular context E.g. Sodomy and homosexuality. According to Foucault he term homosexual was created through the discourses of medicine and especially psychiatry. But the consequences of this discourse transformed a previously socially accepted form of sexual expression to a sinful, mental condition. Foucault holds that prior to the invention of these labels of difference people were just people. Queer culture in general is intertwining with the common normative culture, with people being exposed to the ideas of gay pride and becoming more educated about queer studies in schools and society. Queer theorists focus on problems in classifying every individual as either male or female, even on a strictly biological basis. For example, the sex chromosomes (X and Y) may exist in atypical combinations (as in Klinefelters syndrome [XXY]). This complicates the use of genotype as a means to define exactly two distinct genders. Intersexed individuals may for many different biological reasons have ambiguous sexual characteristics Conclusion By the middle of the second decade of the twentieth century, the conception of homosexuality as a distinct identity category, with implications of mental and physical illness, homosexuality was no longer defined as a mental disorder Although homosexuality would not be categorized as a distinct type of deviant personality until the beginning of the twentieth century, heterosexual values were effectively imposed throughout western society during the nineteenth century In the new millennium, gay activism has increasingly become less galvanized by the specter of AIDS and has seemingly splintered into dozens of micro-movementsfocusing on issues ranging from gays in the military to parenting, same-sex marriage, workplace fairness. Yet others raise questions about the stigmatization of the gay body in those media that treat AIDS as a sign of the perversion of gay sexual practices and reinforce prejudices and stereotypes that contribute to homophobia. Some represent the gay body in terms of its erotic and sensual power, while others, in the hope of raising awareness, inscribe it within the structure of their art as a positive model of affirmation and sexual liberation. In contemporary visual representations, the gay body manifests itself through the presentation of iconographic codes and semantic referents constituted in the objectification of sociosexual and cultural actions of the gay community. Whether active or passive participants in this community, gay artists express themselves by proposing their sexuality as a locus for learning and communicating real experience, all the while critiquing media-promulgated stereotypes which they dispute, reject or adopt. For more than two decades, precipitated by the feminist movement, the gay/lesbian liberation movement, and the AIDS crisis, discourses of gender, sexuality, and sexual identity have been central to visual representation. As closet doors protecting compulsory heterosexuality(6) are opened and the sight lines of those constrained within are expanded our system of difference/s is seen at every level to bear traces of coerced subordination. Bibliography Halperin, David (1990) in Jagose, Annamarie (1996) Queer Theory. An Introduction. New York University  Press. Original emphasis . Foucault, Michel (1981) The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Harry Benshoff and Sean Griffin, Queer Cinema: The Film Reader. New York and Oxford: Routledge.  (2004): 6. Thomas Waugh, The Fruit Machine: Twenty Years of Writings on Queer Cinema. Durham and London: Duke University Press. (2000): 239. Paul Lee, â€Å"Directors Notes,† CFMDC archives. Jim Hubbard, â€Å"Introduction: A Short, Personal History of Lesbian and Gay Experimental Film.† Millennium Film Journal On-line, 41 (2003). [Online]. Available: http://mfj-online.org/journalPages/MFJ41/hubbardpage.html Benshoff, H. and Griffin, S. Queer Cinema: The Film Reader. New York and Oxford: Routledge, 2004. Bruce, J. â€Å"Queer Cinema at the NFB: The ‘Strange Case of Forbidden Love.† In J. Leach and J. Sloniowski (Eds.). Candid Eyes: Essays on Canadian Documentaries. Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press. (2003): 164-180. Goldie, Terry. (Ed.). In a Queer Country. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2001. Waugh, Thomas. The Fruit Machine: Twenty Years of Writings on Queer Cinema. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2000. Andersson, Yvonne (2001) Dokusà ¥por en verklighet fà ¶r sig? Granskningsnà ¤mndens  rapportserie, Rapport nr 8. Butler, Judith (1993) Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York:  Routledge. Carlshamre, Staffan (1987) Language and Time: An Attempt to Arrest the Thought of Jacques  Derrida. Gà ¶teborg: Acta Universitatis. Castells, Manuel (1996, 1998, 2000) Informationsà ¥ldern. Ekonomi, samhà ¤lle och Kultur.  Band I III. Gà ¶teborg: Daidalos. Dyer, Richard (ed) (1977) Gays and Film, London: British Film Institute.   Foucault, Michel (1981) The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction. Harmondsworth:  Penguin. Giddens Anthony (1997) Modernitet och sjà ¤lvidentitet. Sjà ¤lvet och samhà ¤llet i den senmoderna  epoken. Gà ¶teborg: Daidalos. Hall, Stuart (1990) Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In Woodward, Kathryn (ed) (1997)  Identity and Difference,. London: Sage. Hall, Stuart (ed) (1997) Representation. Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices.  London: Sage. Jagose, Annamarie (1996) Queer Theory. An Introduction. New York University Press. Mc Chesney, R W (2001) All makt à ¥t medierna. Eller ge folk vad folk vill ha?  Stockholm: Bokfà ¶rlaget DN. Moore, Henrietta (1994) Divided we stand. Sex, Gender and Sexual Difference. In Woodward,  Kathryn (ed) (1997) Identity and Difference. London: Sage. Ortner, Sherry B (1974) Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture? In Ortner, Sherry B (1996)  Making Gender. The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Boston: Beacon Press. Robins, Kevin (1997) Global Times: what in the world is going on? In du Gay, P (ed)  Production of Culture/Cultures of Production, London: Sage. Rosaldo, M (1974) Women, Culture and Society; a theorethical overview. In Rosaldo, M and Lamphere, L (eds) (1974) Women, Culture and Society.  Stanford: Stanford University Press. Woodward, Kathryn (ed) (1997) Identity and Difference. London: Sage

A Learning Journal Is A Reflective Evaluation English Literature Essay

A learning diary is a brooding rating, of how the class stuff has changed my apprehension every bit good as my sentiments, on life. This learning diary is based on three subjects ; self and individuality, bias and favoritism, and eventually attractive force and close relationships. However due to the extent of the three subjects I will merely be concentrating on one sub-topic for each. The sub subject I will be utilizing, for ego and individuality, will be self presentation, for bias and favoritism, it will be, what are they effects of bias, and eventually for familiarity and attractive force, it will be what is love? I am finishing this larning diary to determine the extent of my cognition and apprehension of the antecedently stated subjects and to rehearse the wont of critical thought in all facets of my life non merely those in the academic country. This diary is an assignment in my societal psychological science class and from this I hope to demo my instructors that I am capable of go oning this class. What I hope to larn from this diary is the extent of the impact that the class stuff has had on my life every bit good as how I have consciously take part in that critical thought. I besides hope to alter the manner that I think when it comes to the behavior of the people around me. I besides hope to alter the manner that I think about myself and how my actions affect those around me. Self and individuality In the subject of ego and individuality I choose to concentrate on self presentation. The ground I chose self presentation is because no one of all time truly knows what people think, when they see you. There are major differences between believing internally and talking out loud. As people we present images to the outside universe that make others see us in a favorable manner, and if this image is presented good plenty so we can convert even ourselves that we are that manner, that it is non merely a projection of what we want others to see. One of the two chief constructs in the sub subject of self presentation is ; Self handicapping. Peoples incapacitate their chances to win by making grounds for future failure. We try to protect our self-image by faulting our failures on external factors ( Griffin 2010 ) .in 1979, Berglas & A ; Jones, ( cited in Griffins 2010 ) trialled an experiment to corroborate ego handicapping. The experiment was based on drugs and intelligence, a sample group was given the same text for the Duke University participants, being told that their consequences were the best to day of the month, before replying more they were given a pick of one of two drugs one to heighten the other to interrupt their thought, the consequence of the pick was that most of the pupils choose the drug that disrupted their thought, therefore supplying a ready to hand alibi for awaited poorer public presentations † ( p.97 ) . It seems to me that while most people tell others that they want to win that is a prevaricati on. The 2nd construct is Self Management which is the ability to pull off the different feelings that in our mundane life are created. Griffin ( 2010 ) says that we are societal animals and that we play to an audience. Griffin says that â€Å" for some people, witting self-presentation is a manner of life † ( p.98 ) . Some people change who they when with other people in order to suit in. Griffin besides says that these types of people – the people who self proctor – are societal chameleons, people able to accommodate easy, nevertheless the down side to these people I think is that they are ne'er true to themselves, how can you be true to who you are if you can be yourself around your friends the people who should wish you for who you are. An of import quotation mark that summarises self presentation is: â€Å" After losing to some younger challengers, tennis great Martina Navratilova confessed that she was â€Å" afraid to play my best†¦ I was scared to happen out if they could crush me when I ‘m playing my best because if they can, so I am finished † ( Frankel & A ; Snyder 1987 cited in Griffin 2010, p.97 ) . When it comes to self presentation I know that in different state of affairss, I have a different attitude for illustration when I ‘m alone I ‘m quiet and I do n't wish to speak to others and I use my phone to do the people watching see that even though I ‘m alone I ‘m still in the ‘network ‘ . I can candidly state that I have ‘self handicapped ‘ , myself when I have done ill in a test or an assignment to the point that as seen above I do hold a ready brand alibi to state if I do fail. Prejudice and Discrimination This subject is Prejudice and Discrimination. And the issue is – What are the effects of bias ; I chose this as my issue because people do n't understand that there is ever a effect. Peoples do non believe in front, they think in the minute, non gaining that one apparently harmless word or phrase can damage a individual ‘s whole universe. A cardinal construct of this subject is – ego perpetuating stereotypes. When a member of a group or sub civilization acts in a manner that we expect that reinforces our belief of the group. This is true and it happens all the clip to gothic ‘s who are ever depressed or to emo ‘s who cut themselves, it is non true merely because one does a certain action do non intend that all do. It is difficult to take stereotypes due to the fact that we notice actions that are unusual to a stereotype nevertheless it has small impact on the ideas on that stereotype. Second there is Discrimination ‘s impact: the ego carry throughing prognostication. The impression of a ego carry throughing prognostication is one that coincides with the labelling theory if, for illustration if person is invariably seting you down naming you stupid, so when you something, like trip over so state see it ‘s true. Thingss like that have a permanent consequence on the human mind, its classical conditioning if you are told some thing over and over so it sticks and every clip you want to make something there ‘s a voice stating that you ca n't. Then there is stereotype menace, this is when a individual is put in a state of affairs where you are expected to make ill and your anxiousness may do you to make so, the illustration given by Steele ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) is a adult male in his 60 ‘s in a hoops squad with immature work forces, he thought that they would anticipate his to be a hurt, so his assurance and public presentation lessening. Stone ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) surmises that â€Å" when people are reminded of a negative stereotype about themselves – it can adversely impact their public presentation † ( p.212 ) . And eventually, do stereotypes bias opinions of persons? Miller & A ; Felicio ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) say yes but there is good intelligence about this, that people are everlastingly positively measuring people more than the groups that they are in, an illustration of this is politicians, Griffin explains that people believe stereotypes but ignore them when that are given personal information â€Å" politicians are criminals but our Senator Jones has unity † ( p.214 ) A quotation mark that shows the job of bias on the ego of people is by Griffin ( 2010 ) : â€Å" Stereotypes can besides make their world. Even if they are ab initio untrue, their being can do them go true. The negative allegations of bias can besides undermine people ‘s public presentation an affect how people interpret favoritism † ( p.208 ) . I admit that I have had thought about certain groups that I do n't cognize, nevertheless it is an unconscious idea, I ne'er truly knew that I was believing certain ideas until I was really believing them. Biass and stereotypes are something that is instilled into you when you grow up its certain words or phrases that at the clip are harmless for illustration a parent disliking homosexual or bisexual people, it becomes difficult to show yourself, if you are, or if you have friends that are. Attraction and Close Relationships In the subject of Attraction and near relationships the issue that interested me the most was – what is love? The subject that involvements me the most is the subject – what is love. The inquiry that I seem to be unhung up on is how do you cognize, is it the typical, ‘it ‘s the individual that when you wake up you think of first and it ‘s the last individual you think of when you go to kip ‘ . One construct is passionate love, Hatfield ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) states passionate love as â€Å" a province of intense yearning for brotherhood with another † ( p.287 ) .Davis ( cited in Hartley 2010 UWS ) showed the difference between passionate love and compassionate love some of these were ; Passionate – â€Å" captivation, clannishness and sexual desire † , and for compassionate love at that place was â€Å" enjoyment, credence, trust, regard, confiding, understanding and spontaneousness † ( p.3 ) . Griffin ( 2010 ) states that companionate love is the afterglow consequence of a close passionate love. It is lower and deeper than passionate love ( Aron & A ; others cited in Griffin 2010 ) . Griffin ( 2010 ) explains companionate love as â€Å" the chilling of passionate love over clip and the turning importance of other factors such as shared values † ( p.291 ) . An illustration of this is arranged matrimonies. Gupta and Singh ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) noted in an experiment of 50 twosomes that those who were married their feelings faded after a five twelvemonth period, but those in ordered matrimonies reported more love after the five twelvemonth period. Twain ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) says that â€Å" no adult male or adult female truly knows what love is until they have been married a one-fourth of a century † ( p.291 ) . A quotation mark that shows love is: â€Å" Peoples yearn for it, live for it, die for it. † ( Griffin p.286 ) A quotation mark for companionate love is: â€Å" Unlike passionate love, companionate love can last a life-time † ( Griffin 2010, p.290 ) This is relevant to my societal universe is because in the universe we live in we all experience love in one signifier or another be it passionate love or feel for love and to be able to understand how it works and what it really is helps to be able to detect it in the universe, it besides helps to do me prize the people that are around me, love me in whatever manner they do every bit good as the people who did love me and who i loved, because as Webster ( cited in Griffin 2010 ) says â€Å" love is nature ‘s manner of giving a ground to be populating † ( p.287 ) . Decision This diary is valuable to my acquisition of societal psychological science, has shown me that even though there are differences in the manner that the universe sees me and I see it every bit good as how even unconsciously I project images to conceal myself in order to non experience hurting and that passionate love can either sizzle and fire out or turn in to a love that will last a life-time. One of my failings in this diary is the subject of ego and individuality, I believe that this is due to the fact that to be able to truly place yourself you have to understand every facet and I do n't believe that anyone can non even if they live for 100 old ages. Another failing is love ; love is feelings and emotions, so love is touchable, indefinable except to those who have experienced it. I believe that I did acquire out of this diary what I had hoped to, in footings of cognizing my topographic point in understanding how the universe around me works when it comes to self and individuality and how as societal animate beings, we project certain images, to affect the people around us, bias and favoritism, and how some of the things that I do may hold a effect that could harm person in the worst manner mental and emotionally and eventually familiarity and close relationships and how love is constructed, perceived are shown.

History of Physical Education Essay

A brief history of physical education in the United States would kick off in the nineteenth century. There was growing popularity of formal physical education programs all across Europe where calisthenics and gymnastics were all the rage. American schools looked to follow the European model by incorporating physical education into the curriculum for primary and secondary schools. And a brief history of physical education would not be complete with a consideration of institutes of higher education that gradually built up extremely successful sports programs. How it began The brief history of physical education would start in just about 1820 when schools focused on gymnastics, hygiene training and care and development of the human body. By the year 1950, over 400 institutes had introduced majors in physical education. The Young Men’s Christian Association launched its very first chapter in 1851 and focused on physical activities. Colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural sports particularly track, field and football. But physical education became a formal requirement following the civil war when many states opted to pass laws that required schools to incorporate a substantial physical education component into their curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an amendment was made to the Federal Education Act that allowed women from high school and college to compete in athletic competitions. Sex-based discrimination was completely outlawed from government funded programs at this point. THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN GREECE. In Greece the latest years special education has followed the same progression as in any other country in Europe but in a very slow pace. Specifically, Special Education services were available to Greek children since the beginning of the 20th century, adapted Physical Education was introduced the last two decades. After the first half of the century various associations developed intense activity with the aim to protect specific groups of people with special needs such as, the blind, the deaf and motionaly disabled. The initiative had clearly charitable characteristics with pity as the main feeling. The state welfare was non-existent every kind of care and prevention was accorded to the authorization of the charitable organization that with full power decided during the course of the years about the life and the future of thousands of people with special needs. The offers of the individuals had the form of institutional care (enclosed protection) with the offer of basic knowledge. The interest of private initiative led to the introduction of various institutional units and schools; firstly in the area of Attica and then in other cities of Greece. Some of the first institutions, which were created, was the â€Å"house of the blind† in 1906, the â€Å"house of the deaf and dump† in 1923, and the â€Å"Hellenic organization for the protection and rehabilitation of disabled children†. In 1937 much late there were more branches created such as the â€Å"national institution for the protection of the deaf and dump† in 1937, the â€Å"lighthouse of the blind† in 1946, the â€Å" school of the blind in North Greece† in 1948 etc. These institutions housed a great number of children but the role of the individuals was not only always a charitable one. However, the private sector helped in its way the state preparation so as to take up later the responsibility and interfere institutionally. The first state interferences began in 50’s and concerned mainly legislation arrangements for the blind and after for the motionaly disabled. The state however was interested in the group of the mentally retarded children and later in the motionaly disabled, which the private agents had completely ignored. The first school, which was founded by the state for the mentally retarded children, was the â€Å" original special school of Athens† in 1937. Many people considerthe state interference in the space of special education during the 30’s non-occasional. The considerable evolutions of pedagogical and psychology sciences, the establishment of obligatory attendance for all the children and the great number of mentally retarded children comparatively with other groups of â€Å" inferior individuals† was a reality which the Greek state could not ignore. From the mid of 50’s the 70’s the developments in special education came again from the wide activity of the private sector while the state followed with mainly legislation inferences and the well known sympathy towards the people with special needs. So, during this period educational units were founded and â€Å"deaf and dumb† schools in various areas of Greece and units for motionaly-disabled people. Another offer of the private sector was the foundation of children’s neuropsychiatry clinics and schools for the group of â€Å"marginal adults† and â€Å" mentally retarded children†. The exemplification of the Greek state and the educational policy of the western countries begins in the mid of the 70’s approximately. Specifically towards the end of the 70’s measures were promoted for the professional rehabilitation of the disabled by giving motives to employers for the employment of these people. Since 1980 and then special classes for the children with, learning difficulties and slight mental retardment began to be estamplished. The Greek state in the 80’s seems to desire to participate actively with the other social factors in an attempt of reorganization of the philosophy and pre-existent structure concerning the people with special needs, which imposed their life and social back round. Precisely, emphasis was given in the whole development and the development of the potential of the people with special needs, their introduction in the productive procedure and their mutual acceptance in the social group. Today, thousands of individuals with disabilities are introduced to sports in various settings such as schools or in sports clubs in both segregated and integrated settings by a variety of national and international organizations. The momentum for such change is contributed to several reasons: †¢ One of the most important reason is the introduction and approval of a new law, which mandates not only free public education for all children, but most important integration of children with disabilities in schools settings. This law is consideredas a springboard for the recognition for all children’s rights to participate in physical education activities. †¢ A second reason, is beginning of 90’s the implementation of the program â€Å"Sports for All†, which is organized by the General Secretariat of Sports and implemented with the support of different municipalities within Greece. †¢ A third reason, is the mandatory exposure of all students of physical education in adapted physical activity course work during their core university studies. In this way they have the opportunity not only to be introduced, but also to become specialized later on this subject. This has considerably affected their attitude to teach integrated sports. †¢ A fourth reason is the organization of the Paralympic Games of 2004, which is considered one of the largest events in the world. Due to the magnitude of this event, Greece started to evaluate the current status of the movement for sports for the disabled people, as well as, begin to take important actions towards the best organization of the games.

Human Resource Management At A Large Business - 934 Words

Introduction Good afternoon and welcome everyone my name is Will Bird. My authority for being able to address you today is that I am the Human Resource Manager of a large business called â€Å"Achieving better people management†. The main content in Human resource management that I will be covering is the recruitment stage. What is HRM? Well what is Human Resource Management; it is the management of the employee relationship that covers establishing, maintaining and terminating employment. Why is it Important? Human Resource Management is very important in an organisation/business, human resource managers will hire, train and develop employees to try and achieve full potential by motivation, this is important by achieving the highest†¦show more content†¦Induction: An induction programme is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role. Human Resource Managers should provide the new employee with necessary and important information about the business. The induction process is the first step in building a relationship between you and the new colleague/s. Why is Recruitment Needed? Recruitment is tremendously important in any organisation, but recruiting new staff is very costly and can take time. Recruiting in most businesses can go wrong dramatically; this is because the process of hiring is not followed correctly. Once the process of identifying that there is a vacant spot the recruitment stage will perform. Recruitment is usually needed because new skills are needed or the business is ready to expand internally. Job analysis attraction and development: The job analysis is where the Human Resource Manager has identified the duties and responsibilities, nature of the jobs, to decide qualifications, skills and knowledge to be considered for that particular job. The job analysis helps to understand what tasks are important and how they are carried on. This step also forms a basis for later HR activities such as developing effective training programs, selection of employees, assessment of employees (performance